Does topical application of tranexamic acid reduce intraoperative bleeding in sinus surgery during general anesthesia? / A aplicação tópica de ácido tranexâmico reduz o sangramento intraoperatório em cirurgia sinusal durante anestesia geral?

Abstract Introduction Tranexamic acid is a hemostatic agent, which inhibits fibrin degradation, which may be beneficial in controlling bleeding during surgery. Objectives The purpose of this study was to provide a meta-analysis and review of the effects of tranexamic acid on hemorrhage and surgical fields and side effects on patients during endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods Two authors independently searched six databases (Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane library) from the start of article collection until July 2018. Postoperative complications such as intraoperative bleeding, operative time, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, and coagulation profile were included in the analysis of tranexamic acid (Treatment Group) and placebo (Control Group) during the operation. Results The amount of blood loss during surgery was statistically lower in the treatment group compared to the placebo group, and the surgical field quality was statistically higher in the treatment group than in the placebo group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in operation time, hemodynamics, or coagulation profile between groups. In addition, tranexamic acid had no significant effect on vomiting and thrombosis compared to the Control Group. Conclusion This meta-analysis has shown that topical administration of tranexamic acid can reduce the amount of bleeding during surgery and improve the overall quality of the surgery. Hemodynamic instability during surgery, vomiting after surgery, or abnormal clotting profile were not reported. Additional studies are needed to confirm the results of this study because there are fewer studies.

Resumo Introdução O ácido tranexâmico é um agente hemostático, que inibe a degradação da fibrina e pode ser benéfico no controle do sangramento durante a cirurgia. Objetivos Fazer uma metanálise e revisão dos efeitos do ácido tranexâmico na hemorragia e nos campos cirúrgicos e efeitos colaterais em pacientes durante a cirurgia endoscópica do seio nasal. Método Dois autores realizaram independentemente uma busca em seis bancos de dados (Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar e Cochrane) desde o início da coleta de artigos até julho de 2018. Complicações pós-operatórias como sangramento intraoperatório, tempo operatório, hipotensão, náusea, vômitos e perfil de coagulação foram incluídos na análise do ácido tranexâmico (grupo de tratamento) e placebo (grupo controle) durante a cirurgia. Resultados A quantidade de perda de sangue durante a cirurgia foi estatisticamente menor no grupo de tratamento comparado com o grupo placebo e a qualidade do campo cirúrgico foi estatisticamente maior no grupo de tratamento do que no grupo placebo. Por outro lado, não houve diferença significante no tempo cirúrgico, hemodinâmica ou perfil de coagulação entre os grupos. Além disso, o ácido tranexâmico não teve efeito significante na ocorrência de vômitos e trombose em comparação ao grupo controle. Conclusão Esta metanálise mostrou que a administração tópica de ácido tranexâmico pode reduzir a quantidade de sangramento durante a cirurgia e melhorar a qualidade geral dela. Instabilidade hemodinâmica durante a cirurgia, vômitos após a cirurgia ou perfil de coagulação anormal não foram relatados. Estudos adicionais são necessários para confirmar os resultados desta pesquisa, porque há poucos estudos na literatura.

Tranexamic acid action on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: experimental model in rats / Ação do ácido tranexâmico na regeneração hepática após hepatectomia parcial: modelo experimental em ratos

ABSTRACT Background: Different lesions may affect the liver resulting in harmful stimuli. Some therapeutic procedures to treat those injuries depend on liver regeneration to increase functional capacity of this organ. Aim: Evaluate the effects of tranexamic acid on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Method: 40 rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia mammalia) of Wistar-UP lineage were randomly divided into two groups named control (CT) and tranexamic acid (ATX), with 20 rats in each. Both groups were subdivided, according to liver regeneration time of 32 h or seven days after the rats had been operated. The organ regeneration was evaluated through weight and histology, stained with HE and PCNA. Results: The average animal weight of ATX and CT 7 days groups before surgery were 411.2 g and 432.7 g, and 371.3 g and 392.9 g after the regeneration time, respectively. The average number of mitotic cells stained with HE for the ATX and CT 7 days groups were 33.7 and 32.6 mitosis, and 14.5 and 14.9 for the ATX and CT 32 h groups, respectively. When stained with proliferating cell nuclear antigen, the numbers of mitotic cells counted were 849.7 for the ATX 7 days, 301.8 for the CT 7 days groups, 814.2 for the ATX 32 hand 848.1 for the CT 32 h groups. Conclusion: Tranexamic acid was effective in liver regeneration, but in longer period after partial hepatectomy.

RESUMO Racional: Muitas são as injúrias que acometem o fígado e levam a estímulo lesivo. Alguns procedimentos terapêuticos para tratamento dessas lesões dependem da regeneração hepática para aumentar a sua capacidade funcional. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do ácido tranexâmico na regeneração hepática após hepatectomia parcial em ratos. Método: Foram utilizados 40 ratos (Rattus norvegicus albinus, Rodentia mammalia) convencionais da linhagem Wistar-UP. Foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de 20: grupo controle (CT) e grupo ácido tranexâmico (ATX). Cada um deles foi divido em dois subgrupos para avaliar a regeneração hepática no tempo de 32 h e 7 dias do pós-operatório. A regeneração do órgão foi avaliada quanto ao peso e histologia, sendo esta última por hematoxilina-eosina e antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular. Resultados: A média dos pesos dos animais dos grupos ATX 7 dias e CT 7 dias no pré-operatório foram de 411,2 g e 432,7 g, respectivamente, e após a regeneração foram de 371,3 g e 392,9 g. As médias das taxas de mitose coradas por HE dos dois grupos em 7 dias foram de 33,7 e 32,6 mitoses, respectivamente, e de 14,5 e 14,9 mitoses para os grupos ATX e CT 32 h. A contagem de células por antígeno nuclear de proliferação celular mostrou valores de 849,7 para o grupo ATX 7 dias e 301,8 para o CT 7 dias; 814,2 para o grupo ATX 32 h e 848,1 para o CT 32 h. Conclusão: O ácido tranexâmico mostrou-se efetivo na regeneração hepática somente em período mais longo de observação após hepatectomia parcial.

Effects of tranexamic acid during endoscopic sinus surgery in children

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of tranexamic acid [TA] on the intra-operative bleeding during the functional endoscopic sinus surgery [FESS] in children. A total of 100 children recruited to undergo FESS were randomized into two groups. Group I: Was given just after induction, intra-venous 25 mg/kg TA diluted in 10 ml of normal saline. Group II: Was given 10 ml of normal saline. Non-invasive blood pressure, heart rate, and quality of the surgical field were estimated every 15 min. Volume of bleeding and duration of the surgical procedure were recorded. Surgical field quality after 15 min revealed that seven patients in group I had minimal bleeding versus no one in group II, P=0.006. Meanwhile, 35 patients in group I had mild bleeding versus 26 patients in group II, P=0.064. Higher number of patients in group II than in group I had moderate bleeding, P=0006. Also, at 30 min, revealed that 10 patients in group I had minimal bleeding versus one patient in group II, P=0.004. Meanwhile, 37 patients in group I had mild bleeding versus 28 patients in group II, P=0.059. Higher number of patients in group II than in group I had moderate bleeding, P<0001. Duration of the surgeries and volume of bleeding were significantly less in tranexamic group than the placebo group, P<0.0001. Single intra-venous bolus dose of tranexamic in children during the FESS improves quality of surgical field, reduces intra-operative bleeding, and duration of surgery

A randomized prospective analysis of alteration of hemostatic function in patients receiving tranexamic acid and hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass surgery.

Postoperative hemorrhagic complications is still one of the major problems in cardiac surgeries. It may be caused by surgical issues, coagulopathy caused by the side effects of the intravenous fluids administered to produce plasma volume expansion such as hydroxyl ethyl starch (HES). In order to thwart this hemorrhagic issue, few agents are available. Fibrinolytic inhibitors like tranexamic acid (TA) may be effective modes to promote blood conservation; but the possible complications of thrombosis of coronary artery graft, precludes their generous use in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The issue is a balance between agents that promote coagulation and those which oppose it. Therefore, in this study we have assessed the effects of concomitant use of HES and TA. Thromboelastogram (TEG) was used to assess the effect of the combination of HES and TA. With ethical committee approval and patient's consent, 100 consecutive patients were recruited for the study. Surgical and anesthetic techniques were standardized. Patients fulfilling our inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 25 each. The patients in group A received 20 ml/kg of HES (130/0.4), 10 mg/kg of T.A over 30 minutes followed by infusion of 1 mg/kg/hr over the next 12 hrs. The patients in group B received Ringer's lactate + TA at same dose. The patients in the Group C received 20 ml/kg of HES. Group D patients received RL. Fluid therapy was goal directed. Total blood loss was assessed. Reaction time (r), α angle, maximum amplitude (MA) values of TEG were assessed at baseline, 12, 36 hrs. The possible perioperative myocardial infraction (MI) was assessed by electrocardiogram (ECG) and troponin T values at the baseline, postoperative day 1. Duration on ventilator, length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) were also assessed. The demographical profile was similar among the groups. Use of HES increased blood loss significantly (P < 0.05). Concomitant use of TA reduced blood loss when used along with HES. r value was prolonged at 12 hours in all the groups and α angle was reduced at 12 hours in all the groups, where as MA value was reduced at 12 th hour in the HES group compared to the baseline and increased in TA + HES group. These findings were statistically significant. No significant change in Troponin T values/ ECG, duration of ventilation and LOS ICU was observed. No adverse events was noticed in any of the four groups. HES (130/0.4) used at a dose of 20 ml/kg seems to produce coagulopathy causing increased blood loss perioperatively. Hemodilution produced by fluid therapy seems to produce Coagulopathy as observed by TEG parameters. Concomitant use of TA with HES appears to reverse these changes without causing any adverse effects in patients undergoing OPCAB surgery.

Pharmacological profile of salvadora persica

This work was conducted to investigate the various pharmacological activities of Salvadora. persica family Salvadoracea and that includes anti inflammatory, analgesic, CNS, bleeding and clotting time activity by oral administration at the dose of 300 and 500mg/kg of body weight in animal models. Acute oral toxicity results showed that crude extract of S. persica is safe up to the dose of 5g/kg body weight of animals. Carraganeen induced hind paw edema method for anti inflammatory activity, tail immersion test method for analgesic activity, Rota rod and grip strength test for CNS activity were carried out in animal models. The analgesic activity was compared with aspirin, 300mg/kg body weight, anti inflammatory activity was compared with indomethacine, lOmg/kg body weight, Transamin 250mg/kg and Vitamin K lOmg were used for bleeding and clotting time activity respectively while diazepam 5mg/kg were used as standard for behavior and CNS activities. In all activities S. persica showed prolonged and dose dependent effects. Phytochemical analysis was also carried out which showed the presence of certain phytoconstituents which possesses these properties. Therefore the results justified the traditional use of the plant

Antifibrinolíticos e cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea / Antifibrinolytics and cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A cirurgia cardíaca é a especialidade cirúrgica que com mais freqüência está associada a sangramento, coagulopatia e necessidade de derivados de sangue. Os agentes farmacológicos aprotinina, ácido epsilon-aminocapróico e ácido tranexâmico são os mais utilizados para auxiliar na hemostasia dos pacientes submetidos à circulação extracorpórea. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a fisiopatologia do sangramento em cirurgia cardíaca e a atual situação dos antifibrinolíticos quanto à sua eficácia e complicações quando usados nesses procedimentos, dando maior ênfase ao ácido tranexâmico e à aprotinina. CONTEUDO: São discutidos os mecanismos pelos quais a circulação extracorpórea provoca alteração na hemostasia e de que maneira os antifibrinolíticos agem para diminuir o sangramento e o uso de sangue alogênico em cirurgia cardíaca. É dada ênfase ao problema do tromboembolismo que pode ocorrer com o emprego desses antifibrinolíticos, com revisão da literatura. CONCLUSÃO: A fibrinólise é um dos principais fatores relacionados com o aumento do sangramento em cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea. A inibição da fibrinólise, juntamente com a preservação da função plaquetária, é, provavelmente, o mecanismo pelo qual os antifibrinolíticos diminuem o sangramento. O emprego desses fármacos reduz o sangramento em cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea num percentual que pode chegar a 50 por cento. Com relação à preocupação com o tromboembolismo, os ácidos tranexâmico e epsilon-aminocapróico são opções que oferecem maior segurança que a aprotinina.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiac surgery is the surgical subspecialty most often associated with bleeding, bleeding disorders, and the need of blood products. Agents such as aprotinin, episilon-aminocaproic acid, and tranexamic acid are frequently used to aid the hemostasis of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. The objective of this report is to present the physiopathology of bleeding during cardiac surgeries and the current role of antifibrinolytics regarding their efficacy and complications when used in those procedures, with emphasis on tranexamic acid and aprotinin. CONTENTS: The mechanisms of changes in hemostasis caused by cardiopulmonary bypass, how antifibrinolytics decrease bleeding, and the use of alogenic blood in cardiac surgery are discussed. A review of the literature emphasizes the thromboembolism secondary to the use of those antifibrinolytics. CONCLUSION: Fibrinolysis is one of the main factors related with increased bleeding during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Inhibition of fibrinolysis associated with the preservation of platelet function is, probably, the mechanism by which anti-fibrinolytics decrease bleeding. Those agents reduce bleeding in up to 50 percent in cardiac surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass. Tranexamic acid and episilon-aminocaproic acid are safer than aprotinin in the prevention of thromboembolism.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La cirugía cardiaca es la especialidad quirúrgica que más frecuentemente está asociada al sangramiento, cuagulopatía y con necesidad de derivados de sangre. Los agentes farmacológicos aprotinina, ácido epsilon-aminocapróico y el ácido tranexámico son los más utilizados para auxiliar en la hemostasia de los pacientes sometidos a la circulación extracorpórea. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar la fisiopatología del sangramiento en cirugía cardiaca y la actual situación de los antifibrinolíticos en cuanto a su eficacia y complicaciones cuando usados en estos procedimientos dando más énfasis al ácido tranexámico y a la aprotinina. CONTENIDO: Son discutidos los mecanismos por los cuales la circulación extracorpórea provoca alteración en la hemostasia y de que manera los antifibrinolíticos actúan para disminuir el sangramiento y el uso de sangre alogénica en cirugía cardiaca. Se le da énfasis al problema del trombo embolismo que puede ocurrir con el uso de esos antifibrinolíticos, con revisión de la literatura. CONCLUSIONES: La fibrinólisis es uno de los principales factores relacionados con el aumento del sangramiento en cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea. La inhibición de la fibrinólisis, conjuntamente con la preservación de la función plaquetaria es probablemente el mecanismo por el cual los antifibrinolíticos disminuyen el sangramiento. El uso de esos fármacos reduce el sangramiento en cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea en un porcentaje que puede alcanzar el 50 por ciento. Con relación a la preocupación con el trombo embolismo, el ácido tranexámico y el ácido epsilon-aminocapróico son opciones que ofrecen una mayor seguridad que la aprotinina.

Local antifibrinolytic treatment with tranexamic acid in hemophilic children undergoing dental extractions

The incidence of post-extraction bleeding and the amount of replacement therapy needed to control bleeding in 24 hemophilic children following the local use of tranexamic acid mouthwash have been investigated. The results of the study showed that 91.6% of patients who used tranexamic acid mouthwash as a supplement to systemic therapy, did not develop post-extraction bleeding; while in 25% of the control patients who received only systemic tranexamic acid, postoperative bleeding was not observed

Acido tranexâmico e hemostasia em cirurgia de revascularizaçäo do miocárdio com circulaçäo extracorpórea / Tranexamic acid and hemostasis in myocardial revascularization with extracorporeal circulation

O antifibrinolítico sintético ácido tranexâmico (Transamin() foi avaliado em seus efeitos hemostáticos e poupadores de transfusoes homólogas, em pacientes submetidos a revascularizaçao do miocárdio com circulaçao extracorpórea (CEC). Quarenta pacientes receberam placebo e 55 pacientes foram operados sob o efeito do ácido tranexâmico na dose de 1Og endovenosa no trans-operatório (2 g administrados na induçao anestésica e os restantes 8 g nas 4 horas seguintes de cirurgia, de modo contínuo). O ácido tranexâmico, na dosagem utilizada, demonstrou possuir efeito hemostático impressionante, promovendo uma reduçao no débito pelos drenos torácicos da ordem de 47 por cento nas 12 horas de P.O., 42,5 por cento nas 24 horas de P.O. e 40,5 por cento até a retirada dos drenos, em relaçao ao grupo-controle (p